New vehicles provide a very bad environment
when it comes to toxic chemicals with VOC's alone contributing
a mix of 50 to 60 of them.
VOC's are toxic chemicals. There are many car parts
that can off-gas VOCs (see VOC's below), however,
when a car is parked or driven in warm temperatures, it can make the VOCs
off-gas at a greater rate. It can also break other chemicals down into
more
toxic substances.
Recommendations
to protect you and your family.
Some of the 275 chemicals of concern, as they are
linked to cancer in humans and animals, are:
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Chlorine
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
Lead
Phthalates
Polyvinyl chloride
Styrene
Toluene
Trimethylbenzene
Xylene
These chemicals can pose different health challenges,
such as:
Allergic skin reactions
Aggravated asthma symptoms
Breathing difficulties
Conjunctival irritation
Decline inserum cholinesterase levels
Dizziness and lightheadness
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Headaches
Hormone disruption
Impaired concentration
Insomnia
Learning disabilities and infertility
Vomiting
Ask the manufacturer if they subscribe to voluntary
third-party eco-labels, such as the TUV Toxproof and Öko-Tex Standard
100.
The following pages are a summary of some 64 files
about toxicity of vehicle interiors affecting human health and the importance
of Full Disclosure before purchase.
One of the most toxic places
you can be is inside a car. The World Health Organization has recognized
interior air pollution of vehicles are a major threat to human health.
The truth is that the quality of air inside cars is often much worse than
that of nearby ambient air samples or even at the side of the road
(from http:/pureti.com/content/documents/ICTA-In-Car-Air-Pollution-Report.pdf).
Between the toxins in the car exhaust coming in
from outside (especially in heavy and daily commute traffic)
and
the toxins from the materials used in the interior, riding in an automobile
should require wearing a hazmat suit.
Chemicals emitting from materials in car interiors
have been extensively studied by The Ecology Center, who released several
reports with their findings from 2006-2012. Their most recent report in
2012, Model Year 2011/2012 Guide to New Vehicles (http://www.ecocenter.org/sites/default/files/2012_Cars.pdf)
identified
a number of chemicals of concern.
"Research shows that vehicle interiors contain
a unique cocktail of hundreds of toxic chemicals
that off-gas in small, confined spaces", said Jeff Gearhart, research
director at the Ecology Center. Consumers have no
way of knowing the dangers they face unless a statement of potential
health issues from chemicals used in automobile interiors is provided.
Materials in new cars are unstable, giving off gases, including benzene
and formaldehyde, both of which are known carcinogens.
New car interiors can contain up to 28 times the legal limit of VOC's
in climates like Australia. Formaldehyde is also called formalin, methanal,,
quaternium-(15), methylene oxide and formic aldehyde. VOC molecules combine
with nitrogen oxides and react to form ozone or smog, significantly affecting
the respiratory system. Some automakers are going in the right direction
to reduce auto indoor pollution. Some automakers have eliminated PVC and
fire retardants from their interiors, in 2012, 17 percent of new vehicles
have PVC-free interiors and 60 percent are produced without brominated
fire/flame retardants.
Chemicals of primary concern include:
VOCs, including benzene and styrene are toxic
chemicals whose off gassing compounds are associated with hormone disruption,
liver and kidney damage, respiratory conditions and cancer. Robert Weiss,
certified microbial investigator and founder of RTK Environmental Group
says the VOC molecules in a confined space are immediately harmful to inhale.
brominated flame retardants (BFR's) outgas chlorine;
these are added to plastics and create thyroid problems, learning and memory
impairment, brain fog thought disconnection, decreased fertility and behavioral;
researchers found flame retardant chemicals, formaldehyde, chlorine and
heavy metal in air tested in new cars.
https://articles.mercola.com//sites/articles/archive/2018/03/21/new-car-smell.aspx
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and plasticizers; PVC's
also outgas chlorine; PVC's are used for plastics and windshields contain
lead and heavy metals and chemicals called phthalates, which are linked
to fertility issues, liver problems, testes damage, thyroid, ovaries, kidneys
and blood damage
lead and other heavy metals are extremely toxic
and enter the body through breathing
Many of these pollutants were found in levels exceeding
indoor and outdoor air quality standards.
All of these chemicals produce serious health effects.
Fire/flame retardants belong to the same class
of chemicals as DDT's or PCB's (organohalogens) which
react with other chemicals to create cancer causing dioxins
and are widely used in furniture, carpeting and your car. Such chemicals
have been linked to cancer, male infertility, autism and obesity. VOCs
as a group depress the central nervous system. Long-term exposure to VOCs
may lead to "organic solvent syndrome", which produces headaches, irritability,
depression, insomnia, agitation, extreme tiredness, tremors, impaired concentration
and short-term memory.
Many heavy metals cause cancer and disrupt the
endocrine system. Lead specifically contributes to lower IQ, arthritis,
gout, hypothyroid, insomnia, stillbirths and many other health problems.
Toxic substances are defined under CEPA (Canadian
Environment Protection Act) as those that cause, or may cause, immediate
or long-term harm to human health, the environment and biological diversity.
Substances include mercury, asbestos, lead, formaldehyde and bisphenol
A (BPA), a synthetic chemical used in some plastics.
(from https://enviroklenz.com/toxic-chemicals-found-automobile-interiors)
Recommendations:
1. Include a statement of potential health issues
that could be expected to influence the decision of a reasonable buyer
or lessee in purchasing or leasing a vehicle. Pertinent information includes
which particular chemicals are used on a vehicle interior of the model
under consideration for use and what do tests on specific combinations
of chemicals elicit in terms of toxicity to humans? Different auto manufacturers
utilize different interior chemical combinations in and on interior components
of various models. What affect 5G wireless technologies have on any specific
combination of chemicals used in car interiors.
2. Be familiar with the threshold limit values
or permissible exposure limits of airborne contaminants and physical agents
used. Many people complain about dizziness, headaches, nausea, irritation
or other factors of discomfort, such as dermatitis issues like dryness,
irritation or sensitization of the skin from chemicals.
Nervous System Damage Many of the compounds that
cause skin irritation or may increase the possibility of cancer can also
have a cumulative toxic effect if they are accidentally ingested. Ethanol,
camphor and linalool can all cause nervous system damage. So can the previously
mentioned chloroform and A-terpineol. Toxin exposure results in symptoms
including dizziness, nausea, headaches, numbness and pain in the neck and
spine.
Respiratory Problems Other chemicals in fabric
softeners can cause lung problems and more significant irritation if they
are inhaled. Benzyl alcohol, a common ingredient, acts as an upper respiratory
tract irritant, while other compounds like A-Terpineol and pentane can
also cause lung damage. These chemicals can cause asthma.
If safety tests completed by auto manufactures
or on their behalf, in regard to chemical poisoning of humans by toxic
vehicle interiors where is this information available for potential owners?
Surely this is able to be done when a vehicle is manufactured. People do
not desire poisonous flame retardants and plastics and sprays that out-gas
over years to affect health.
Get information on combined toxicity of chemicals
used in vehicle interiors. See below under Declarable Substance Classification,
Legally Regulated (LR). What collaborations have taken place on such toxicities
as exist in vehicle interiors to best protect new vehicle purchasers? Note
that Honda has been ahead in such things, reducing some toxicities new
vehicle purchasers face. It's often assumed that these chemicals are safe,
but that is not at all the truth. Tests need to be done on the combined
effect agglomerated chemicals present (the 275 chemical which can be used
in new car interiors). And when combined with other toxic chemicals in
the air, the food, clothing, skin products, etc., the toxic load can be
devastating to a man, woman, children and animals.
Vehicle ratings are improving thanks to the reduction
in the use of even these two, PVC and bromine-based flame retardants by
some vehicle manufacturers.
Keeping a close watch on chemicals - OECD https://www.oecd.org/about/impact/keeping-close-watch-on-chemicals.htm
www.oecd.org about impact keeping-close-watch-on-chemicals
By collaborating on chemicals testing through
a common OECD system and standards, countries are able to better protect
citizens, animals and the environment
Global Automotive Declarable Substance List Goal
is improvements in quality, safety and the reduction of environmental impact.
As much as possible, these objectives should be achieved in a way to optimize
consumer value.processing materials can have significant impact on these
objectives.
Global Automotive Declarable
Substance List (GADSL) Objectives
Major objectives of automotive product development
include continuous improvements in quality, safety and the reduction of
environmental impact throughout vehicle the life cycle. As much as possible,
these objectives should be achieved in an efficient, cost effective way
to optimize consumer value. A large number of construction, operational
and processing materials are used in the automotive manufacturing chain
and their selection and proper use can have significant impact on these
objectives.
An important one in selection of chemicals to be
used is customer health.
To meet these objectives, an ongoing dialogue and
information flow within the global automotive supply chain, including
automobile manufacturers, tier suppliers and material suppliers is established;
called the Global Automotive Stakeholder Group (GASG). Early information
and dialogue up and down the supply chain will help facilitate compliance
with current and future regulations, as well as take into account customer
requirements to ensure sustainable products.
The GASG organization consists of three regions,
Americas, Europe/Africa/Middle East and Asia/Pacific. Regional membership
and participation is open to all stakeholders in the automotive supply
chain. Each of the three regions nominates six members to sit on the governing
body of the GASG, called the Steering Committee (SC) exists to provide
a transparent and open process for decision making.
The intent of GADSL is to become the company specific
list for declaration of parts composition within the automotive industry.
It provides a definitive list of substances requiring declaration with
the target to minimize individual requirements and ensure cost-effective
management of declaration practice along the complex supply chain. The
scope is to cover declarable substances in the flow of information relevant
to parts and materials supplied throughout the automotive value chain,
from production to the end of life phase. The GADSL only covers substances
that are expected to be present in a material or part that remains in the
vehicle or part at point of sale.
Certain substances in vehicle parts may be a risk
factor to human health and the environment. GADSL is used to enhance further
dialogue and cooperation along the supply chain on the benefits and potential
risks of certain substances or groups of substances in a specified use
within vehicle.
2. Application of the GADSL
The use of certain substances in vehicle parts
may be a risk factor to human health and the environment. Information exchange
along the vehicle supply chain helps manage those potential risks while
also meeting customer requirements. The GADSL is used to enhance further
dialogue and cooperation along the supply chain on the benefits and potential
risks of certain substances or groups of substances in a specified use
within vehicle parts/materials. Declaration of a substance does not mean,
however, that the substance is prohibited from being used in vehicle parts
or is to be de-selected from use. Any declaration process using the GADSL
must respect the framework formulated in this preface.
Definitions:
-Substances are chemical elements or chemical
compounds as parts of materials or preparations
-Preparations Mixtures, composed of two or more
substances. Chemical elements, chemical compounds or preparations thereof
in finished state used to manufacture products/articles.
-Products/articles Materials which have been transformed
during production to take a specific shape, surface or form which has a
greater influence on their function than their chemical composition does.
-Component is an element of a vehicle that has
a defined weight and shape.
-Parts: A manufactured object made up of one or
more homogeneous material(s).
Criteria for Declarable Substances
The decision to list a substance on the GADSL
is based on the following criteria:
...The substance should be expected to be present
in a material or part in the vehicle. Either of the following conditions
should apply:
...The substance is regulated or is projected
to be regulated by a governmental agency or authority or,
...It is demonstrated, by testing under OECD (Organization
for Economic Cooperation & Development) guidelines for testing chemicals,
conducted under Good Laboratory Practice (according to the OECD Principles
on Good Laboratory Practice as revised in 1997), that the substance may
be associated with a significant hazard to human health and/or the environment
and its presence in a material or part in a vehicle may create a significant
risk to human health and/or the environment. Other scientifically valid
methodology, based on the weight of evidence, may also be considered.
Declarable Substance Classification
A reportable substance when present in a material
or part in a vehicle will be shown on the GADSL with a classification of
'P' or 'D', defined as follows: Depending on its specific application,
the same substance could be classified P in one end use and D in another
end use. When this is the case, both classifications for the substance
will be shown on the GADSL with examples under the application column.
Declaration thresholds are defined by specific application of the substance
in automotive parts. Any reportable substance below the declaration level
does not have to be reported. These levels, unless otherwise indicated,
are 0.1 g/100g (weight %) of homogeneous materials, not on the total content
in the component or assembly.
P = Prohibited. A substance designated 'P' is
prohibited for all automotive uses in at least one region / market or may
not exceed a regulated threshold limit for all automotive uses in at least
one region / market.
D = Declarable. A substance designated 'D' must
be declared if it exceeds the defined threshold limits.
D/P = Declarable or Prohibited. A substance designated
as 'D/P' has both allowed uses and prohibited uses in at least one region/market.
Substances marked D/P and P must also be declared if they are present above
the stipulated threshold (e.g. 0.1%).
Reason Codes. Reason codes have been developed
to explain why a substance has been included in the GADSL.
Each declarable substance will be listed with
one of the following reason codes to facilitate dialog within the supply
chain:
LR = Legally Regulated. A substance legally regulated
because its use in a vehicle part or material poses a significant risk
to health and or the environment.
Health Effects
The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals
is a collection of about 150 of the most relevant internationally agreed
testing methods used by government, industry and independent laboratories
to identify and characterize potential hazards of chemicals. They are a
set of tools for professionals, used primarily in regulatory safety testing
and subsequent chemical and chemical product notification, chemical registration
and in chemical evaluation. They can also be used for the selection and
ranking of candidate chemicals during the development of new chemicals
and products and in toxicology research.
This group of tests covers health effects. Refer
especially to:
-Male hormones Test No. 458: Stably Transfected
Human Androgen Receptor Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection
of Androgenic Agonist and Antagonist Activity of Chemicals
-Test No. 439: In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed
Human Epidermis Test Method
-Test No. 496: In vitro Macromolecular Test Method
for Identifying Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and Chemicals Not
Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage
-Test No. 405: Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion
-Test No. 443: Extended One-Generation Reproductive
Toxicity Study
-Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity
Studies
The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals
are a unique tool for assessing the potential effects of chemicals on human
health and the environment. OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways. For
more information, please contact: ehs.contact@oecd.org
OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways (many adverse
outcomes from chemicals here of which many are listed below under Toxic
under CEPA and that which follows it)
An Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) describes a logical
sequence of causally linked events at different levels of biological organisation,
which follows exposure to a chemical and leads to an adverse health effect
in humans or wildlife. AOPs are the central element of a toxicological
knowledge framework;
from *.
Adverse Outcome Pathway on Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
activation leading to early life stage mortality, via reduced VEGF Interference
with endogenous developmental processes that are regulated by the aryl
hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), through sustained exogenous activation, causes
molecular, structural and functional cardiac abnormalities in avian, mammalian
and piscine embryos; this cardio toxicity ultimately leads to severe edema
and embryo death in birds and fish and some strains of rat. There have
been numerous proposed mechanisms of action for this toxicity profile,
many of which include the dysregulation of vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF). This AOP describes the indirect suppression of VEGF expression
through the sequestration of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
(ARNT) by AHR. ARNT is common dimerization partner for both AHR and hypoxia
inducible factor alpha (HIF-1?), which stimulates angiogenesis through
the transcriptional regulation of VEGF. The suppression of VEGF thereby
reduces cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell proliferation, altering cardiovascular
morphology and reducing cardiac output, which ultimately leads to congestive
heart failure and death. from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-series-on-adverse-outcome-pathways_2415170x
Adverse Outcome Pathway on Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
activation leading to uroporphyria
Hepatic uroporphyria is a disorder where the disturbance
of heme biosynthesis results in accumulation and excretion of uroporphyrin,
heptacarboxyl and hexacarboxyl porphyrin, collectively referred to as highly
carboxylated porphyrins (HCPs). The disorder is due to a homozygous mutation
in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), an enzyme involved in the heme
biosynthesis pathway or may be chemically induced, which involves the inhibition
of UROD. This AOP describes the linkages leading to chemically induced
porphyria through the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR),
a ligand-activated transcription factor. AHR activation leads to the induction
of cytochrome P450 1A2, a phase I metabolising enzyme, which in turn results
in excessive oxidation of uroporphyrinogen. This oxidation produces a UROD
inhibitor, preventing the conversion of uroporphyrinogen to coprouroporphyrinogen
and increasing the synthesis of the UROD inhibitor in a positive feedback
loop. The accumulation of uroporphyrinogen leads to its preferential oxidation
and accumulation of HCP in various organs (Uroporphyria).
https://www.doctorsdata.com/urine-porphyrins/
Urine Porphyrins Abnormal levels of urinary porphyrins,
oxidized metabolites of heme biosynthesis, are associated with genetic
disorders, metabolic disturbances and diseases, anemias, oxidative stress
and high-level exposure to toxic chemicals or metals.
Adverse Outcome Pathway on inhibition of Na+/I-
symporter (NIS) leads to learning and memory impairment. The thyroid hormones
(TH) are essential for brain development, maturation and function as they
regulate the early key developmental processes. Normal human brain development
and cognitive function relays on sufficient production of TH during the
perinatal period. The function of Na+/I- symporter (NIS) is critical for
the physiological production of TH levels in the serum. The present AOP
describes causative links between inhibition of NIS function leading to
the decreased levels of TH in the blood and consequently in the brain,
causing learning and memory deficit in children. Learning and memory depend
upon the coordinated action of different brain regions and neurotransmitter
systems creating functionally integrated neural networks. Hippocampus and
cortex are the most critical brain structures involved in the process of
cognitive functions. The function of NIS and its essentiality for TH synthesis
is well known across species, however, quantitative information of KERs
is limited.
Refer also to Guidance Document on Good In Vitro
Method Practices (GIVIMP) https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304796-en
and Guidance Document on evaluating Chemicals
for Endocrine Disruption https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304741-en
and Series on Testing and Assessment: Testing
for Endocrine Disrupters (*)
As of October 28, 2020 Toxic under CEPA
For the purposes of section 64 in Part 5 of CEPA
1999, a substance is toxic if it is entering or may enter the environment
in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that have or may have
an immediate or long-term harmful effect on the environment or its biological
diversity, such as; constitute or may constitute a danger to the environment
on which life depends or constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada
to human life or health.
Brown, Stephen K and Min Cheng, 2007. Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs) in New Car Interiors. They found that the amount
of VOCs present is dependent upon the 'delivery time' of the car from the
manufacturer. Those cars which didn't have a 'shelf life' at a dealership
had the highest amounts of VOCs present. Those which had been on display
outside had the lowest. The chemicals they recorded were:
acetone + n-pentane
n-Hexane + MEK (Methyl ethyl ketone)
Benzene
MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone)
Toluene
m+p Xylene
Styrene + o-xylene
Ethylene glycol butyl ether
1,2,4 trimethylbenzene
n-undecane
n-decane
2-propylheptanol
n-dodecane
ethylbenzene
cyclohexanone
n-heptane
Of these chemicals, they ranked them from most
prevalent to least as follows:
Overall, the more dominant VOCs found in the new
cars (highest to lowest concentrations) were toluene, acetone/pentane,
o-xylene/styrene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, various C712 alkanes,
ethylbenzene, n-hexane and ethylene glycol butyl ether.
They reported the following regarding the toxicity
of the VOCs present:
Benzene is a category 1 IARC carcinogen (known
human carcinogen) for which an annual exposure goal of 16 µg/m3 has
been recommended (see Section 1.3). Since urban populations spend an average
of one hour per day in car travel (Newton et al. 2000), these results indicate
that car interiors can be contributors to total exposure to benzene.
Few environmental exposure goals are established
for other VOCs. The NHMRC goal of 250 µg/m3 for any compound was
exceeded for many VOCs in Cars 2 and 3. Toxic effects of some of these
VOCs and ambient air goals (µg/m3 at 0oC/101kPa) based on these effects
(Calabrese & Kenyon 1991) are:
acetone: mucosal irritation (8-hour goal, 39,000)
cyclohexanone: possible human carcinogen (annual
goal, 180)
ethylbenzene: systemic toxin (24-hour goal,
140);
MIBK: systemic toxin (8-hour goal, 540)
n-hexane: neurotoxin (24-hour goal, 540);
styrene: probable human carcinogen (annual goal,
29)
toluene: central nervous system dysfunction
(8-hour goal, 1600); xylene isomers: foetal development toxins (24-hour
goals: o-xylene 310, m-xylene 3100, p-xylene 62).
It is seen that several of these goals may have
been exceeded in the cars for several weeks after manufacture TVOC concentrations
also occurred at levels that may affect occupants (see Section 1.2) for
weeks to months after car purchase, although not for years. The effects
that could be caused by this TVOC exposure include eye irritation, and
performance and memory factors, all of which may be important car safety
issues, as well as occupant health and comfort issues.
Note, however, that all of the above measurements
were made in closed cars at low ambient temperatures. Lower concentrations
may be expected with greater ventilation of the car interior, while higher
concentrations may be expected under higher ambient temperatures. More
detailed investigation of VOC concentrations under different operating
conditions is needed to decide an appropriate test protocol for simulating
occupant exposure to car interior pollutants.
They conclude the following:
High concentrations of VOCs
were found in new cars, especially those reaching the market soon
after manufacture, i.e with minimum path-to-market. The total VOC (TVOC)
levels found have been observed previously to cause sensory irritation
and performance and memory impairment to human subjects, showing that the
pollution of new car interiors may be a safety issue. Several of the VOCs
observed have potential toxic effects, an aspect that should be explored
in further study under simulated conditions of car usage. The decay of
TVOC concentrations was found to be exponential, at approximately 20% per
week, with the NHMRC indoor air goal being reached after approximately
6 months.
The smell you smell in your new car is a bunch
of chemicals you really don't want to be smelling. And, if you live where
it's warm or with the heater on, more of them can affect your health.
Where are the organically certified for optimum
health new and used vehicles? Why has this been avoided? What about your
children being in this toxic mess?
Under CEPA, both the Minister of Environment and
Climate Change and the Minister of Health are responsible for developing
a list of substances which must be assessed in a timely manner to determine
if they are "toxic" or capable of becoming "toxic". This list is known
as the Priority Substances List
Existing Substances Branch
Environment and Climate Change Canada
351 St. Joseph Blvd
Gatineau QC K1A 0H3
Phone number: 1-800-567-1999 (in Canada) or 819-938-3232
Facsimile: 819-938-5212
e-mail: eccc.substances.eccc@canada.ca
Air pollution exacerbates health conditions in
people who already suffer from chronic conditions such as heart and lung
disease, or makes those who are vulnerable to its effects, such as children
and the elderly more susceptible to illness. Air pollution may also contribute
to the development of new cases of heart and lung disease.
In Canada, thousands of hospital
visits and millions of days with restricted activity can be attributed
to current levels of air pollution. As well, over 14,000 premature deaths
each year are linked to air pollution. Air
pollution includes indoor air pollution such as provided by toxic chemicals
used in vehicle interiors.
Many of the goods and services we rely on either
use or produce substances that may be harmful to the environment or to
human health. We have learned that if we do not manage the risks associated
with these substances adequately, we could be faced with problems that
are either extremely costly or impossible to correct. Scientific studies
show this is particularly true of substances that result from human activity
and that are toxic and persistent, that is, they take
a long time to break down and are bioaccumulative, collecting in living
organisms. According to Dr. Pompa, toxins
can be defined as anything that "does not belong in your body".
Today we are exposed to a level
of toxins like no other time! Your body has to get rid of these toxins.
If your body doesn't rid itself of toxins, we start bio-accumulating
(stockpiling) them, ultimately causing physical manifestations of symptoms
we should not be subject to.
As science cannot always accurately predict the
effects that a substance will have on the environment or on human health,
managing toxic substances effectively requires being
proactive, taking a cost-effective approach to prevent pollution, rather
than reacting after it has already occurred.
Toxic substances list: schedule 1 (shown to emphasize
humans are being exposed to a plethora of toxins daily, which accumulate
in the human system; we don't want to be in vehicles that add to that accumulation)
Updated Schedule 1 as of October 28, 2020
1. Chlorobiphenyls that have the molecular formula
C12H(10-n)Cln in which "n" is greater than 2
2. Dodecachloropentacyclo [5.3.0.02,6.03,9.04,8]
decane (Mirex)
3. Polybrominated biphenyls that have the molecular
formula C12H(10-n)Brn in which "n" is greater than 2
4. Chlorofluorocarbon: totally halogenated chlorofluorocarbons
that have the molecular formula CnClxF(2n+2-x)
5. Polychlorinated terphenyls that have a molecular
formula C18H(14-n)Cln in which "n" is greater than 2
6. Asbestos
7. Lead
8. Mercury and its compounds
9. Vinyl chloride
10. Bromochlorodifluoromethane that has the molecular
formula CF2BrCl
11. Bromotrifluoromethane that has the molecular
formula CF3Br
12. Dibromotetrafluoroethane that has the molecular
formula C2F4Br2
13. Fuel containing toxic substances that are
dangerous goods within the meaning of section 2 of the Transportation of
Dangerous Goods Act, 1992 and that
o (a) are neither normal components of the
fuel nor additives designed to improve the characteristics or the performance
of the fuel or
o (b) are normal components of the fuel
or additives designed to improve the characteristics or performance of
the fuels, but are present in quantities or concentrations greater than
those generally accepted by industry standards
14. Dibenzo-para-dioxin that has the molecular
formula of C12H8O2
15. Dibenzofuran that has the molecular formula
C12H8O
16. Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins that
have the molecular formula C12H(8-n)O2Clnin which "n" is greater than 2
17. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans that have the
molecular formula C12H(8-n)OCln in which "n" is greater than 2
18. Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride)
CCl4
19. 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
CCl3-CH3
20. Bromofluorocarbons other than those set out
in items 10 to 12
21. Hydrobromofluorocarbons that have the molecular
formula CnHxFyBr(2n+2-x-y) in which 0<n?3
22. Methyl bromide
23. Bis(chloromethyl) ether that has the molecular
formula C2H4Cl2O
24. Chloromethyl methyl ether that has the molecular
formula C2H5ClO
25. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons that have the molecular
formula CnHxFyCl(2n+2-x-y) in which 0<n<3
26. Benzene that has the molecular formula C6H6
27. (4-Chlorophenyl)cyclopropylmethanone, O-[(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]oxime
that has the molecular formula C17H15ClN2O3
28. Inorganic arsenic compounds
29. Benzidine and benzidine dihydrochloride, that
have the molecular formula C12H12N2 and C12H12N22HCl, respectively
30. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
31. Inorganic cadmium compounds
32. Chlorinated wastewater effluents
33. Hexavalent chromium compounds
34. Creosote-impregnated waste materials from
creosote-contaminated sites
35. 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
36. 1,2-Dichloroethane
37. Dichloromethane
38. Effluents from pulp mills using bleaching
39. Hexachlorobenzene
40. Inorganic fluorides
41. Refractory ceramic fibre
42. Oxidic, sulphidic and soluble inorganic nickel
compounds
43. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
44. Tetrachloroethylene
45. Trichloroethylene
46. Tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride that
has the molecular formula C26H56PCl
47. Bromochloromethane, that has the molecular
formula CH2BrCl
48. Acetaldehyde, which has the molecular formula
C2H4O
49. 1,3-Butadiene, which has the molecular formula
C4H6
50. Acrylonitrile, which has the molecular formula
C3H3N
51. Respirable particulate matter less than or
equal to 10 microns
52. Acrolein, which has the molecular formula
C3H4O
53. Ammonia dissolved in water
54. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates
55. Effluents from textile mills that use wet
processing
56. Inorganic chloramines, which have the molecular
formula NHnCl(3-n) where n = 0, 1 or 2
57. Ethylene oxide, which has the molecular formula
H2COCH2
58. Formaldehyde, which has the molecular formula
CH2O
59. N-Nitrosodimethylamine, which has the molecular
formula C2H6N2O
60. Gaseous ammonia, which has the molecular formula
NH3(g)
61. Ozone, which has the molecular formula O3
62. Nitric oxide, which has the molecular formula
NO
63. Nitrogen dioxide, which has the molecular
formula NO2
64. Sulphur dioxide, which has the molecular formula
SO2
65. Volatile organic compounds that participate
in atmospheric photochemical reactions:
o (a) methane
o (b) ethane
o (c) methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
o (d) 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
o (e) 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
(CFC-113)
o (f) trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11)
o (g) dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)
o (h) chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)
o (i) trifluoromethane (HFC-23)
o (j) 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CFC-114)
o (k) chloropentafluoroethane (CFC-115)
o (l) 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane
(HCFC-123)
o (m) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)
o (n) 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b)
o (o) 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b)
o (p) 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(HCFC-124)
o (q) pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)
o (r) 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134)
o (s) 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a)
o (t) 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a)
o (u) parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF)
o (v) cyclic, branched or linear completely
methylated siloxanes
o (w) acetone
o (x) perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene)
o (y) 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane
(HCFC-225ca)
o (z) 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane
(HCFC-225cb)
o (z.1) 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane
(HFC 43-10mee)
o (z.2) difluoromethane (HFC-32)
o (z.3) ethylfluoride (HFC-161)
o (z.4) 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa)
o (z.5) 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ca)
o (z.6) 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea)
o (z.7) 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb)
o (z.8) 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa)
o (z.9) 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea)
o (z.10) 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc)
o (z.11) chlorofluoromethane (HCFC-31)
o (z.12) 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-151a)
o (z.13) 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
(HCFC-123a)
o (z.14) 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxy-butane
(C4F9OCH3)
o (z.15) 2-(difluoromethoxymethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
((CF3)2CFCF2OCH3)
o (z.16) 1-ethoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane
(C4F9OC2H5)
o (z.17) 2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
((CF3)2CFCF2OC2H5)
o (z.18) methyl acetate and perfluorocarbon
compounds that fall into the following classes, namely
1. cyclic, branched or linear completely fluorinated
alkanes
2. cyclic, branched, or linear completely fluorinated
ethers with no unsaturations
3. cyclic, branched or linear completely fluorinated
tertiary amines with no unsaturations, or
4. sulfur containing perfluorocarbons with no
unsaturations and with sulfur bonds only to carbon and fluorine
o (z.19) 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-methoxy-propane
(HFE-7000)
o (z.20) 3-ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)
hexane (HFE-7500)
o (z.21) 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
(HFC-227ea)
o (z.22) methyl formate (HCOOCH3)
o (z.23) t-butyl acetate
o (z.24) 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-pentane
(HFE-7300)
o (z.25) propylene carbonate
o (z.26) dimethyl carbonate
o (z.27) trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
(HFO-1234ze)
o (z.28) HCF2OCF2H (HFE-134)
o (z.29) HCF2OCF2OCF2H (HFE-236cal2)
o (z.30) HCF2OCF2CF2OCF2H (HFE-338pcc13)
o (z.31) HCF2OCF2OCF2CF2OCF2H
o (z.32) 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf)
o (z.33) trans 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene
[HCFO-1233zd(E)]; and
o (z.34) 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
66. Hexachlorobutadiene, which has the molecular
formula C4Cl6
67. Particulate matter containing metals that
is released in emissions from copper smelters or refineries, or from both
68. Particulate matter containing metals that
is released in emissions from zinc plants
69. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which
has the molecular formula C14H9Cl5
70. 2-butoxyethanol, which has the molecular formula
C6H14O2
71. 2-methoxyethanol, which has the molecular
formula C3H8O2
72. Tetrachlorobenzenes, which have the molecular
formula C6H2Cl4
73. Pentachlorobenzene, which has the molecular
formula C6HCl5
74. Carbon dioxide, which has the molecular formula
CO2
75. Methane, which has the molecular formula CH4
76. Nitrous oxide, which has the molecular formula
N2O
77. Hydrofluorocarbons that have the molecular
formula CnHxF(2n+2-x) in which 0<n<6
78. The following perfluorocarbons:
o (a) those that have the molecular formula
CnF2n+2 in which 0<n<7
o (b) octafluorocyclobutane, which has the
molecular formula C4F8
79. Sulphur hexafluoride, which has the molecular
formula SF6
80. Methanone, bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-,
which has the molecular formula C17H20N2O
81. 2-Butanone, oxime, which has the molecular
formula C4H9NO
82. n-Butyl glycidyl ether, which has the molecular
formula C7H14O2
83. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers that have the
molecular formula C12H(10-n)BrnO in which 4?n?10
84. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and its salts
85. Compounds that contain one of the following
groups: C8F17SO2, C8F17SO3 or C8F17SO2N
86. Methyloxirane, which has the molecular formula
C3H6O
87. Ethyloxirane, which has the molecular formula
C4H8O
88. Naphthalene, which has the molecular formula
C10H8
89. Toluene diisocyanates, which have the molecular
formula C9H6N2O2
90. 1,2-Benzenediol, which has the molecular formula
C6H6O2
91. 1,4-Benzenediol, which has the molecular formula
C6H6O2
92. Hexane, 1,6-diisocyanato-, homopolymer, reaction
products with alpha-fluoro-omega-2-hydroxyethyl-poly(difluoro- methylene),
C16-20-branched alcohols and 1-octadecanol
93. 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, hexadecyl ester,
polymers with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, gamma-omega-perfluoro-C10-16-alkyl
acrylate and stearyl methacrylate
94. 2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylpropyl
ester, polymer with butyl 2-propenoate and 2,5-furandione, gamma-omega-perfluoro-C8-14-alkyl
esters, tert-Bu benzenecarboperoxoate-initiated
95. 2-propen-1-ol reaction products with pentafluoroiodoethane
tetrafluoroethylene telomer, dehydroiodinated, reaction products with epichlorohydrin
and triethylenetetramine
96. Phenol, 4,4? -(1-methylethylidene)bis-, which
has the molecular formula C15H16O2
97. Thiourea, which has the molecular formula
CH4N2S
98. 1,3-Butadiene, 2-methyl-, which has the molecular
formula C5H8
99. Oxirane, (chloromethyl)-, which has the molecular
formula C3H5ClO
100. Colour Index Pigment Yellow 34
101. Colour Index Pigment Red 104
102. Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-, which has
the molecular formula C8H24O4Si4
103. Phenol, 2,4,6-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, which
has the molecular formula C18H30O
104. Ethanol, 2-methoxy-, acetate, which has the
molecular formula C5H10O3
105. 1-Propanol, 2-methoxy-, which has the molecular
formula C4H10O2
106. 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-,
which has the molecular formula C17H13N3O3
107. Ethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-, which has
the molecular formula C5H12O3
108. Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester, which has the
molecular formula C4H10O4S
109. Sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester, which has
the molecular formula C2H6O4S
111. 2-Propenamide, which has the molecular formula
C3H5NO
112. Ethanol, 2-chloro-, phosphate (3:1), which
has the molecular formula C6H12Cl3O4P
113. Tributyltins, which contain the grouping
(C4H9)3Sn
114. Tetrabutyltins, which have the molecular
formula (C4H9)4Sn
115. Benzene, (chloromethyl)-, which has the molecular
formula C7H7Cl
116. Propane, 2-nitro-, which has the molecular
formula C3H7NO2
117. Benzene, 1-methyl-2-nitro-, which has the
molecular formula C7H7NO2
118. Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1-methylpropyl)-,
which has the molecular formula C18H30O
119. Methylium, [4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]bis[4-(ethylamino)3-methylphenyl]-,
acetate, which has the molecular formula C27H34N3.C2H3O2
120. Chlorinated alkanes that have the molecular
formula CnHxCl(2n+2-x)
121. Benzene, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, which
has the molecular formula C11H14O2
122. Vanadium pentoxide, which has the molecular
formula V2O5
123. Oxirane, 2,2?,2?,2??-[1,2-ethanediylidenetetrakis
(4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)]tetrakis-, which has the molecular formula
C38H38O8
124. Bromic acid, potassium salt, which has the
molecular formula KBrO3
125. Polychlorinated naphthalenes, which have
the molecular formula C10H8-nCln in which 'n' is greater than 1
126. Hydrazine, which has the molecular formula
N2H4
127. Hexabromocyclododecane, which has the molecular
formula C12H18Br6
128. Quinoline, which has the molecular formula
C9H7N
129. Perfluorooctanoic acid, which has the molecular
formula C7F15CO2H, and its salts
130. Compounds that consist of a perfluorinated
alkyl group that has the molecular formula CnF2n+1 in which n = 7 or 8
and that is directly bonded to any chemical moiety other than a fluorine,
chlorine or bromine atom
131. Chlorine enters the body through inhalation
or through the skin and reacts with water (the body is about 90% water)
producing corrosive acids and detergent byproducts that damage
cells on contact. Chlorine is toxic enough
to be classified as a chemical weapon and is associated with dementia,
increasing asthma episodes and eye and skin irritation.
132. Perfluorocarboxylic acids that have the molecular
formula CnF2n+1CO2H in which 8 ? n ? 20 and their salts
133. Compounds that consist of a perfluorinated
alkyl group that has the molecular formula CnF2n+1 in which 8 ? n ? 20
and that is directly bonded to any chemical moiety other than a fluorine,
chlorine or bromine atom
134. Plastic microbeads that are ? 5 mm in size
135. The following petroleum and refinery gases:
o (a) tail gas (petroleum), catalytic polymerized
naphtha fractionation stabilizer (a complex combination of hydrocarbons
- obtained from the fractionation stabilization products that result from
the polymerization of naphtha - consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons
having carbon numbers in the range of C1 through C4)
o (b) fuel gases (a combination of light gases
consisting predominantly of hydrogen or low molecular weight hydrocarbons
or both)
o (c) hydrocarbons, C2-C4, C3-rich (a complex
combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from a treating process to remove
sulphur and other acidic compounds - consisting of hydrocarbons having
carbon numbers in the range of C2 through C4, predominantly propane and
propene)
o (d) gases (petroleum), butane splitter overhead
(a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation
of the butane stream - consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers predominantly in the range of C3 through C4)
o (e) gases (petroleum), catalytic cracked gas
oil depropanizer bottom, C4-rich acid-free (a complex combination of hydrocarbons
- obtained from the fractionation of catalytic cracked gas oil hydrocarbon
stream and treated to remove hydrogen sulfide and other acidic components
- consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in the range of C3 through
C5, predominantly C4)
o (f) gases (petroleum), catalytic cracked naphtha
debutanizer bottom, C3-C5-rich (a complex combination of hydrocarbons -
obtained from the stabilization of catalytic cracked naphtha - consisting
of aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range
of C3 through C5)
o (g) gases (petroleum), catalytic cracked naphtha
depropanizer overhead, C3-rich acid-free (a complex combination of hydrocarbons
- obtained from the fractionation of catalytic cracked hydrocarbons and
treated to remove acidic impurities - consisting of hydrocarbons having
carbon numbers in the range of C2 through C4, predominantly C3)
o (h) gases (petroleum), catalytic cracker, C1-C5-rich
(a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation
of products that result from a catalytic cracking process - consisting
of aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in the range of C1 through
C6, predominantly C1 through C5)
o (i) gases (petroleum), catalytic polymerized
naphtha stabilizer overhead, C2-C4-rich (a complex combination of hydrocarbons
- obtained from the fractionation stabilization of catalytic polymerized
naphtha - consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in
the range of C2 through C6, predominantly C2 through C4)
o (j) gases (petroleum), catalytic reformed naphtha
stripper overhead (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from
the stabilization of catalytic reformed naphtha - consisting of hydrogen
and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly
in the range of C1 through C4)
o (k) gases (petroleum), deethanizer overhead
(a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation
of the gas and gasoline fractions that result from a catalytic cracking
process - consisting predominantly of ethane and ethene)
o (l) gases (petroleum), deisobutanizer tower
overhead (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the atmospheric
distillation of a butane-butene stream - consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons
having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C3 through C4)
o (m) gases (petroleum), gas concentration reabsorber
distillation (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the
distillation of products from combined gas streams in a gas concentration
reabsorber - consisting predominantly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
in the range of C1 through C3)
o (n) gases (petroleum), hydrogen-rich (a complex
combination - separated as a gas from hydrocarbon gases by chilling - consisting
predominantly of hydrogen with small amounts of carbon monoxide, nitrogen,
methane and C2 hydrocarbons)
o (o) gases (petroleum), recycle, hydrogen-rich
(a complex combination - obtained from recycled reactor gases - consisting
predominantly of hydrogen with small amounts of carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
having carbon numbers in the range of C1 through C5)
o (p) gases (petroleum), reformer make-up, hydrogen-rich
(a complex combination - obtained from the reformers - consisting predominantly
of hydrogen with small amounts of carbon monoxide and aliphatic hydrocarbons
having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C5)
o (q) gases (petroleum), thermal cracking distillation
(a complex combination - obtained from the distillation of products that
result from a thermal cracking process - consisting of hydrogen, hydrogen
sulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C6)
o (r) tail gas (petroleum), catalytic cracker
refractionation absorber (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained
from the refractionation of products that result from a catalytic cracking
process - consisting of hydrogen and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
predominantly in the range of C1 through C3)
o (s) tail gas (petroleum), cracked distillate
hydrotreater separator (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained
by treating cracked distillates with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst
- consisting of hydrogen and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C5)
o (t) tail gas (petroleum), saturate gas plant
mixed stream, C4-rich (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained
from the fractionation stabilization of straight-run naphtha, distillation
tail gas and catalytic reformed naphtha stabilizer tail gas - consisting
of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in the range of C3 through C6, predominantly
butane and isobutane)
o (u) tail gas (petroleum), vacuum residue thermal
cracker (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the thermal
cracking of vacuum residues - consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C5)
o (v) hydrocarbons, C3-C4-rich, petroleum distillates
(a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation
and condensation of crude oil - consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers in the range of C3 through C5, predominantly C3 and C4)
o (w) gases (petroleum), hydrocracking depropanizer
off, hydrocarbon-rich (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained
from the distillation of products that result from a hydrocracking process
- consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly
in the range of C1 through C4)
o (x) gases (petroleum), light straight-run naphtha
stabilizer off (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the
stabilization of light straight-run naphtha - consisting of saturated aliphatic
hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C2 through
C6)
o (y) gases (petroleum), reformer effluent high-pressure
flash drum off (a complex combination - obtained from the high-pressure
flashing of the effluent from the reforming reactor - consisting predominantly
of hydrogen with small amounts of methane, ethane and propane)
o (z) hydrocarbons, C1-C4 (a complex combination
of hydrocarbons - obtained from thermal cracking and absorber operations
and from the distillation of crude oil - consisting of hydrocarbons having
carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C4 and boiling
in the range of approximately -164°C to -0.5°C)
o (z.1) hydrocarbons, C1-C4, sweetened (a
complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained by subjecting hydrocarbon
gases to a sweetening process to convert mercaptans or to remove acidic
impurities - consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly
in the range of C1 through C4 and boiling in the range of approximately
-164°C to -0.5°C)
o (z.2) hydrocarbons, C1-C3 (a complex combination
of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C1
through C3 and boiling in the range of approximately -164°C to -42°C)
o (z.3) gases (petroleum), C1-C5, wet (a complex
combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation of crude oil
or the cracking of tower gas oil or both - consisting of hydrocarbons having
carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C5)
o (z.4) gases (petroleum), secondary absorber
off, fluidized catalytic cracker overhead fractionater (a complex combination
- obtained from the fractionation of the overhead products that result
from a catalytic cracking process in the fluidized catalytic cracker -
consisting of hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
predominantly in the range of C1 through C3)
o (z.5) gases (petroleum), alkylation feed (a
complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the catalytic cracking
of gas oil - consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly
in the range of C3 through C4)
o (z.6) petroleum products, refinery gases (a
complex combination consisting predominantly of hydrogen with small amounts
of methane, ethane and propane)
o (z.7) gases (petroleum), refinery (a complex
combination - obtained from various petroleum refining operations - consisting
of hydrogen and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the
range of C1 through C3)
o (z.8) gases (petroleum), hydrotreated sour kerosine
depentanizer stabilizer off (a complex combination - obtained from the
depentanizer stabilization of hydrotreated kerosine - consisting predominantly
of hydrogen, methane, ethane and propane with small amounts of nitrogen,
hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
predominantly in the range of C4 through C5)
o (z.9) gases (petroleum), crude oil fractionation
off (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the fractionation
of crude oil - consisting of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C5)
o (z.10) gases (petroleum), fluidized catalytic
cracker fractionation off (a complex combination - obtained from the fractionation
of the overhead products that result from a fluidized catalytic cracking
process - consisting of hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen and hydrocarbons
having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C5)
o (z.11) gases (petroleum), heavy distillate
hydrotreater desulfurization stripper off (a complex combination - stripped
from the liquid product that results from a heavy distillate hydrotreater
desulfurization process - consisting of hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and
saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in
the range of C1 through C5)
o (z.12) gases (petroleum), preflash tower off,
crude distillation (a complex combination - produced from the first tower
used in the distillation of crude oil - consisting of nitrogen and saturated
aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range
of C1 through C5)
o (z.13) gases (petroleum), straight-run stabilizer
off (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the fractionation
of the liquid produced from the first tower used in the distillation of
crude oil - consisting of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers predominantly in the range of C1 through C4)
o (z.14) tail gas (petroleum), catalytic hydrodesulfurized
naphtha separator (a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from
the catalytic hydrodesulfurization of naphtha - consisting of hydrogen,
methane, ethane and propane)
o (z.15) gases (petroleum), C3-C4 (a complex combination
of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation of products that result
from the cracking of crude oil - consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers in the range of C3 through C4, predominantly propane and propene,
and boiling in the range of approximately -51°C to -1°C)
o (z.16) gases (petroleum), C3-C4, isobutane-rich
(a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation
of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly
in the range of C3 through C6, predominantly butane and isobutane - consisting
of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in the
range of C3 through C4, predominantly isobutane)
o (z.17) gases (petroleum), C4-rich (a complex
combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation of products
that result from a catalytic fractionation process - consisting of aliphatic
hydrocarbons having carbon numbers in the range of C3 through C5, predominantly
C4)
o (z.18) hydrocarbons, C1-C4, debutanizer fraction
(a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from a debutanizing process
- having carbon numbers in the range of C1 through C4)
o (z.19) petroleum gases, liquefied (a complex
combination of hydrocarbons - obtained from the distillation of crude oil
- consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the
range of C3 through C7 and boiling in the range of approximately -40°C
to 80°C) and
o (z.20) petroleum gases, liquefied, sweetened
(a complex combination of hydrocarbons - obtained by subjecting liquefied
petroleum gases to a sweetening process to convert mercaptans or to remove
acidic impurities - consisting of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly
in the range of C3 through C7 and boiling in the range of approximately
-40°C to 80°C)
136. Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester,
which has the molecular formula C22H42O4
137. Reaction products of 2-propanone with diphenylamine
138. 2-Naphthalenol, 1-[[4-(phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-,
which has the molecular formula C22H16N4O
139. Fuel Oil No. 2
140. Natural gas condensates (a
complex combination of hydrocarbons primarily in the carbon range of C5
to C15 that are condensed during production at a well head, in a natural
gas processing plant, natural gas pipeline or straddle plant), including
any of their liquid distillates that are primarily in the carbon range
of C5 to C15
141. Phenol, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-,
which has the molecular formula C12H7Cl3O2
142. Acetamide, N-[4-[(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)azo]phenyl]-,
which has the molecular formula C15H15N3O2
143. Cobalt and soluble cobalt compounds
144. N,N?-mixed phenyl and tolyl derivatives of
1,4-benzenediamine
145. Benzene, 1-chloro-2-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4- chlorophenyl)ethyl]-,
which has the molecular formula C14H10Cl4
147. Benzene, 1,1?-methylenebis[4-isocyanato-,
which has the molecular formula C15H10N2O2
148. Benzene, 1,1?-methylenebis[2-isocyanato-,
which has the molecular formula C15H10N2O2
149. Benzene, 1-isocyanato-2-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]-,
which has the molecular formula C15H10N2O2
150. Benzene, 1,1?-methylenebis[isocyanato- (non-isomeric-specific),
which has the molecular formula C15H10N2O2
151. Isocyanic acid, polymethylenepolyphenylene
ester, which has the molecular formula C15H10N2O2[C8H5NO]n in which 0
? n ? 4
In addition
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
3,5-Dimethylaniline
Benzene
Benzidine
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Bis (chloromethyl) ether
Chlorinated paraffins
Chlorinated wastewater effluents
Chlorobenzene
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Creosote-contaminated sites
Dibutyl phthalate
Dichloromethane
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Effluents from pulp mills using bleaching
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexavalent chromium compounds
Inorganic arsenic compounds
Inorganic cadmium compounds
Inorganic fluorides
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether
Organotin compounds
Oxidic, sulphidic and soluble, inorganic nickel
compounds
Pentachlorobenzene
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Refractory ceramic fibre
Styrene
Tetrachlorobenzenes
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichlorobenzenes
Trichloroethylene
Used crankcase oils
Xylenes
1,3-Butadiene
2-Methoxy Ethanol, 2-Ethoxy Ethanol, 2-Butoxy
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Aluminum Chloride, Aluminum Nitrate, Aluminum
Sulphate
Ammonia in the Aquatic Environment
Butylbenzylphthalate (BBP)
Carbon Disulfide
Chloroform
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobutadiene (HBCD)
Inorganic Chloramines
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF)
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
Nonylphenol and its Ethoxylates (NPE)
Phenol
Releases from Primary and Secondary Copper Smelters
and Copper Refineries
Releases from Rrimary and Secondary Zinc Smelters
and Zinc Refineries
Releases of Radionuclides from Nuclear Facilities
(Effects on Non-human Species)
Respirable Particulate Matter Less than or Equal
to 10 Microns (PM-10)
Road Salts
Textile Mill Effluents
Formaldehyde is also
used as an ingredient in a wide number of household products and building
materials.
Many of those products and materials seep or "outgas"
formaldehyde gas. And that dangerous gas can accumulate
in the air inside vehicles and buildings.
The formaldehyde gas that builds up inside your
house isn't enough to pickle you. After all, the clear liquid in the biology-specimen
jar was the straight stuff. But even at levels as
low as 0.10 parts formaldehyde to every one million parts of air in your
vehicle or house, that crummy feeling you have all the time could be your
house and/or vehicle making you sick.
"Sufficient evidence exists
to conclude that indoor air pollution . . . may pose serious acute and
chronic risks", the Environmental Protection Agency reported to
U.S.Congress two years ago. And most indoor air-quality
experts agree that the number-one problem is the same stuff as in that
pickling jar.
VOC's:
Formaldehyde is one
of an extended family of chemicals referred to as volatile organic compounds
(VOC's). The 'organic' means they contain carbon in their structure. The
'volatile' means that the compounds vaporize -- become a gas -- at normal
room temperatures. If you left the lid off that jar, all the liquid would
eventually evaporate and become part of the mixture of gases that make
up air.
What does exposure to formaldehyde in your indoor
air do to you? An estimated 10 to 20 percent of the
population is very sensitive to formaldehyde, showing symptoms
at extremely low levels. Levels of formaldehyde as low as 0.10 parts per
million (ppm) can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, coughing, skin
rashes, headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and nosebleeds. Some people
develop allergic reactions. Some people -- especially children -- develop
asthma and chronic bronchitis.
What's Toyota done? From Toyota 2014 North American
Environmental Report.
CABIN VOCS
Materials in the vehicle interior, such as
plastics, leather, textiles, glues, sealants and additives, can emit volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) even after manufacturing. This is commonly recognized
as the 'new car smell'. We work with suppliers to develop alternatives
that emit lower levels of VOCs in the vehicle cabin. For example, we developed
new tape systems to reduce toluene emissions. More recently, we have been
working with suppliers on reducing formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which
form during leather retanning and finishing.
The Prius, Prius Plugin Hybrid, Prius c, Prius
v and Camry Hybrid offer available SofTex-trimmed heated front seats. SofTex
material weighs about half as much as genuine leather and its manufacturing
process generates 99 percent fewer VOCs than that of conventional synthetic
leather. Toyota's Materials Engineering Department has been studying low
VOC paints in the cured form for interior components. We generally use
waterborne paints due to their lower VOC content, but studies have shown
some waterborne paints contain residual amounts of VOCs, such as aldehydes,
in the cured form. We identified several paints with a negligible contribution
to the overall VOCs of plastic parts. Those paints are already in use by
Toyota for interior parts and we plan to increase their use in the future.
Developed a replacement for decaBDE that meets
the federal motor vehicle safety standard FMVSS302 on flammability of interior
materials.
Question: What chemicals comprise the replacement?
Do your part to improve environmental performance
by demanding vehicle manufacturers eliminate anything harmful in any way
to the health of purchasers of vehicles.
Manufacturers support environmental programs
that help strengthen diverse communities across North America, not just
with money, but also with their efforts and initiatives.
BUT, NOTHING SAID HERE REGARDING OPTIMUM HEALTH
OF PURCHASERS IN RESPECT TO 'IN CABIN' TOXICITY. Also nothing said about
textile dyeing safety. Why are they avoiding these concerns?
Recommendation to those purchasing a new vehicle:
Some auto dealers allow for a one week trial,
where if unsatisfied, they will accept the vehicle returned by you. That's
a decent time if you're going to be in the vehicle enough time with your
family. Otherwise, a two week trial may be needed. If you want a newer
vehicle, get one with a sunroof, so you can open it and air the vehicle
out right away. Get a good air flow by getting power windows which you
should also open.
Recommendation to vehicle manufacturers: Provide
for vehicle interiors that are toxic free, that is, free of poisonous chemicals.
Recommendation. Follow principles of the Canadian
Disclosure Guidelines, such as:
Full Disclosure
The term full disclosure in the legal sense often
applies to laws that level the playing field between people who are entering
into a contract. This leveling is important because it gives people an
opportunity to make a reasoned decision on whether to enter a contract
based on full knowledge of the situation. In some cases, violating full
disclosure laws, where they exist, can either void the contract or create
difficult circumstances. This type of law most applies to the world of
real estate and to laws relating to marriage and prenuptial agreements.
In most cases, full disclosure means revealing all that is known so a person
enters the agreement with full knowledge of what that entry entails.
Full Disclosure is a requirement that the whole
truth must be told before a purchase is made or a contract is signed, so
that the purchaser or signer is fully informed about the consequences
of his/her decision. Full disclosure first, then an agreement can be signed
knowingly and free from deceit. Especially full disclosure must occur
if there is any risk to health.